Quantity

From FreeCAD Documentation
Revision as of 11:02, 8 December 2013 by Jriegel (talk | contribs)

The Quantity is a combination of a floating point number and an Unit. It is used throughout all of FreeCAD to handle parameters and all other kind of input/output.

General

In a CAD or CAE system its very important to keep track on the unit of an value. Lot of trouble can arise when mixing up units or calculating results in different unit systems. One famous disaster is the crash of the Mars Climate Orbiter through out a unit mix-up. Even in the same unit-system the units come in lots of different flavors always tailored to the field of use. Simple examples are e.g. velocity in km/h (cars), m/s (robotics) or mm/minute (milling). A CAD system have to keep reliably track of units. Also it has to calculate with them and check on the right unit for special parameters.

For that reason the FreeCAD Quantity framework was created. It includes all the code and objects to deal with units, unit calculations, user input, conversion in other unit systems and the pretty output of units and values. In the long run no parameter in FreeCAD should be just a number.

Supported units

The FreeCAD input parser supports a bunch of units and units-systmes. We do not use the Greek letter for micro. Instead we use y and ignore yocto.

  • Length
    • "nm"
    • "ym"
    • "mm"
    • "cm"
    • "dm"
    • "m"
    • "km"
    • "in"
    • "ft"
    • "thou"
    • "mil"
    • "yd"
    • "mi"

Todo


The detailed specification you find in the code:

Internal representation

All physical units can be expressed as a combination of the seven SI-Units:


An easy way to express a Unit is a integer array of size 7 (number of base units) that defines what the unit is. The signature of the 7 base units are:

  • LENGTH: [1,0,0,0,0,0,0]
  • MASS: [0,1,0,0,0,0,0]
  • TIME: [0,0,1,0,0,0,0]
  • ELECTRIC CURRENT: [0,0,0,1,0,0,0]
  • THERMODYNAMIC TEMPERATURE: [0,0,0,0,1,0,0]
  • AMOUNT OF SUBSTANCE: [0,0,0,0,0,1,0]
  • LUMINOUS INTENSITY: [0,0,0,0,0,0,1]

From these 7 units, we are then able to express all derived units defined in Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) and create new ones as needed such as for instance:

  • MASS DENSITY: [-3,1,0,0,0,0,0]
  • AREA: [0,2,0,0,0,0,0]

Since angle is physically dimensionless, but never the less important to a CAD system we add one more virtual unit for Angle. This makes a vector of 8 in the FreeCAD unit signature.

Units calculator

Often you are in need of calculating units from one system to another. For example you have old parameter tables with wired units. In that cases FreeCAD offers a conversion tool called Units-Calculator which helps in translating units.

Its description in detail is here: Std_UnitsCalculator

InputField

The InputField is a QLineEdit derived Qt widget to handle all kind of user interaction with Quantities and parameters. It features following properties:

  • parsing arbitrary value/unit input
  • checking on the right unit (if given) and give the user feedback
  • special context menu for operations on Quantities/Values
  • history management (save the last used values)
  • save often needed values as shortcut in context menu
  • dialing values with mouse wheel and arrow keys (tbd)
  • dialing with middle mouse button and mouse move (tbd)
  • python integration for usage in python only dialogs (tbd)

The UnitsCalculator uses the InputField already.

Code:

Python scripting

The Unit and Quantity system in FreeCAD is (as nearly everything) fully accessibly via Python.

Unit

The Unit class represents the Fingerprint of any physical unit. As descriped in the Basics section a vector of 8 numbers is used to represent this fingerprint. The Unit class allows the handling and calculation with this information.

from Units import Unit

# creating a Unit with certain signature
Unit(0,1)      # Mass     (kg)
Unit(1)        # Length   (mm)
Unit(-1,1,-2)  # Pressure (kg/mm*s^2)

# using predefined constats
Unit(FreeCAD.Units.Length)
Unit(FreeCAD.Units.Mass)
Unit(FreeCAD.Units.Pressure)

# parsing unit out of an string
Unit('kg/(m*s^2)')    # Pressure
Unit('Pa')            # the same as combined Unit Pascale
Unit('J')             # Joul (Work,Energy) mm^2*kg/(s^2)

# you can use units from all supported unit-systems
Unit('psi')           # Imperial pressure
Unit('lb')            # Mass
Unit('ft^2')          # Area

# comparing units
Unit(0,1) == Unit(FreeCAD.Units.Mass)

# getting type of unit
Unit('kg/(m*s^2)').Type == 'Pressure'

# calculating
Unit('kg') * Unit('m^-1*s^-2') == Unit('kg/(m*s^2)')

The Unit is mainly used to descripe a certain unit-type for a parameter. There fore a special Property Type in FreeCAD can transport a Unit to check and ensure the right Unit. A Unit and a float value is called Quantity.

Quantity

from Units import Unit,Quantity

# to create a quantity you need a value (float) and a Unit
Quantity(1.0,Unit(0,1))               # Mass      1.0 kg
Quantity(1.0,Unit(1))                 # Length    1.0 mm
Quantity(1.0,Unit(-1,1,-2))           # Pressure  1.0 kg/mm*s^2
Quantity(1.0,FreeCAD.Units.Pressure)  # Pressure  1.0 kg/mm*s^2

# you can directly give a signature
Quantity(1.0,0,1)      # Mass      1.0 kg
Quantity(1.0,1)        # Length    1.0 mm
Quantity(1.0,-1,1,-2)  # Pressure  1.0 kg/mm*s^2

# parsing Quantitis out of a string
Quantity('1.0 kg/(m*s^2)')    # Pressure
Quantity('1.0 Pa')            # the same as combined Unit Pascale
Quantity('1.0 J')             # Joul (Work,Energy) mm^2*kg/(s^2)

# You can using a point or comma as float delimiter
Quantity('1,0 m')    
Quantity('1.0 m')   

# you can use units from all supported unit-systems
Quantity('1.0 psi')           # Imperial pressure
Quantity('1.0 lb')            # Mass
Quantity('1.0 fo^2')    

# the quantity parser can do calculations too
Quantity('360/5 deg')           # splitting circle 
Quantity('1/16 in')             # fractions
Quantity('5.3*6.3 m^2')         # calculating an area
Quantity('1/(log(2.3)/sin(pi)*3.4)+1.8e-3 m')
Quantity('1ft 3in')             # imperial style

# and for sure calculation and comparison
Quantity('1 Pa')* Quantity(2.0) == Quantity('2 Pa')
Quantity('1 m')* Quantity('2 m') == Quantity('2 m^2')
Quantity('1 m')* Quantity('2 ft') + Quantity('2 mm^2')
Quantity('1 m') > Quantity('2 ft')

# accessing the components
Quantity('1 m').Value     # get the number (allways internal system (mm/kg/s)
Quantity('1 m').Unit      # get the unit
Quantity('1 m') == Quantity( Quantity('1 m').Value , Quantity('1 m').Unit )

# translating the value into other units then the internal system (mm/kg/s)
Quantity('1 km/h').getValueAs('m/s')               # translate value
Quantity('1 m').getValueAs(2.45,1)                 # translation value and unit signature
Quantity('1 kPa').getValueAs(FreeCAD.Units.Pascal) # predefined standard units 
Quantity('1 MPa').getValueAs(Quantity('N/m^2'))    # a quantity

User facing values

Normally in script you can use Quantity for all kind of calculation and checking, but there comes the time you have to output information to the user. You could use getValueAs() to force a certain unit, but normally the user sets his preferred unit-schema in the preferences. This unit-schema do all the translations to the representation the user likes to see. At the moment there are 3 schema implemented:

  • 1: Internal (mm/kg/s)
  • 2: MKS (m/kg/s)
  • 3: US customary (in/lb)

There can be easily additional schemas implemented in the future...

The quantity class has two possibilities to use the actual schema translation:

from Units import Unit,Quantity

# Use the translated string:
Quantity('1m').UserString             # '1000 mm' in 1; '1 m' in 2; and '1.09361 yr' in 3

This does the job if you only need a string. But somethimes you need more control, e.g. if you want to have a dialog button which dial up and down. Then you need more information about the translation output. There fore the getUserPrefered() method of quantity is used:

Quantity('22 m').getUserPrefered()  # gets a tubple:('22 m', 1000.0, 'm')
Quantity('2  m').getUserPrefered()  # Tuple: ('2000 mm', 1.0, 'mm')

Here you get two more informations as a tuple of size 3. You get the string as before, plus the factor the number is translated and the raw string with only the unit chosen by the translation schema. With this information you can implement a much richer user interaction.

The code for the schema translation you can see here:

Appendix

Parser supported Units

Although all physical units can be described with the seven SI units, most of the units used in technical areas are common combined units (like Pa = N/m^2 Pascal ). There fore the units parser in FreeCAD support lot of SI and Imperial combined units. This units are defined in src/Base/QuantityParser.l file and can be further advanced in the future.


"nm"   = Quantity(1.0e-6    ,Unit(1));           // nano meter
"ym"   = Quantity(1.0e-3    ,Unit(1));           // micro meter
"mm"   = Quantity(1.0       ,Unit(1));           // milli meter
"cm"   = Quantity(10.0      ,Unit(1));           // centi meter
"dm"   = Quantity(100.0     ,Unit(1));           // deci meter
"m"    = Quantity(1.0e3     ,Unit(1));           // meter
"km"   = Quantity(1.0e6     ,Unit(1));           // kilo meter
"l"    = Quantity(1000000.0 ,Unit(3));           // Liter      dm^3
                                                 
"yg"   = Quantity(1.0e-9    ,Unit(0,1));         // micro gram
"mg"   = Quantity(1.0e-6    ,Unit(0,1));         // milli gram
"g"    = Quantity(1.0e-3    ,Unit(0,1));         // gram
"kg"   = Quantity(1.0       ,Unit(0,1));         // kilo gram
"t"    = Quantity(1000.0    ,Unit(0,1));         // ton
                                                 
"s"    = Quantity(1.0       ,Unit(0,0,1));       // second                          (internal standard time)
"min"  = Quantity(60.0      ,Unit(0,0,1));       // minute
"h"    = Quantity(3600.0    ,Unit(0,0,1));       // hour  
                                                 
"A"    = Quantity(1.0       ,Unit(0,0,0,1));     // Ampere          (internal standard electric current)
"mA"   = Quantity(0.001     ,Unit(0,0,0,1));     // milli Ampere         
"kA"   = Quantity(1000.0    ,Unit(0,0,0,1));     // kilo Ampere         
"MA"   = Quantity(1.0e6     ,Unit(0,0,0,1));     // Mega Ampere         
                                                 
"K"    = Quantity(1.0       ,Unit(0,0,0,0,1));   // Kelvin (internal standard thermodynamic temperature)
"mK"   = Quantity(0.001     ,Unit(0,0,0,0,1));   // Kelvin         
"yK"   = Quantity(0.000001  ,Unit(0,0,0,0,1));   // Kelvin         
"mol"  = Quantity(1.0       ,Unit(0,0,0,0,0,1));   // Mole     (internal standard amount of substance)        
"cd"   = Quantity(1.0       ,Unit(0,0,0,0,0,0,1)); // Candela   (internal standard luminous intensity)        
"deg"  = Quantity(1.0           ,Unit(0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1));  // degree         (internal standard angle)
"rad"  = Quantity(180/M_PI      ,Unit(0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1));  // radian         
"gon"  = Quantity(360.0/400.0   ,Unit(0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1));  // gon         
"in"   = Quantity(25.4          ,Unit(1));       // inch
"\""   = Quantity(25.4          ,Unit(1));       // inch
"fo"   = Quantity(304.8         ,Unit(1));       // foot
"'"    = Quantity(304.8         ,Unit(1));       // foot
"th"   = Quantity(0.0254        ,Unit(1));       // thou
"yd"   = Quantity(914.4         ,Unit(1));       // yard


"lb"   = Quantity(0.45359237    ,Unit(0,1));    // pound
"oz"   = Quantity(0.0283495231  ,Unit(0,1));    // ounce
"st"   = Quantity(6.35029318    ,Unit(0,1));    // Stone
"cwt"  = Quantity(50.80234544   ,Unit(0,1));    // hundredweights
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