Bancada de trabalho Part
Introdução
As capacidades de modelagem sólida do FreeCAD são baseadas em Open Cascade Technology (OCCT) kernel, um sistema de CAD de nível profissional que caracteriza a criação e a manipulação avançadas da geometria 3D.
O Módulo Part permite o usuário acessar e usar os objetos e funções OCCT. Os objetos Part, ao contrário dos objetos Mesh, são mais complexos, o que portanto permite mais operações avançadas como operações booleanas coerentes, histórico de modificações e comportamento paramétrico.
Part objects are more complex than mesh objects created with the Mesh Workbench, as they permit more advanced operations like coherent boolean operations, modifications history, and parametric behaviour.
The Part Workbench is the basic layer that exposes the OCCT drawing functions to all workbenches in FreeCAD
Ferramentas
As ferramentas do módulo Part estão todas localizadas no menu Part que aparece quando você carrega o módulo Part.
Primitivas
Essas são ferramentas para criar objetos primitivos.
- Cubo: Cria um cubo sólido especificando suas dimensões.
- Cilindro: Cria um cilindro sólido especificando suas dimensões.
- Esfera: Cria uma esfera sólida especificando suas dimensões.
- Cone: Cria um cone sólido especificando suas dimensões.
- Toro: Cria um toro (anel) sólido especificando suas dimensiones.
- Criar primitivas: Uma ferramenta para criar diversas primitivas geométricas paramétricas.
- Construtor de formas: Uma ferramenta para criar formas mais complexas a partir de diversas primitivas geométricas paramétricas.
Modificando objetos
Estas são ferramentas para modificar objetos existentes. Elas permitem que você escolha qual objeto deseja modificar.
- Extrusão: Faz a extrusão de faces planas de um objeto.
- Revolução: Cria um sólido ao fazer revolver outro objeto (não sólido) ao redor do eixo.
- Simetria: Cria uma simetria dos objetos selecionados ao redor de um plano de simetria dado.
- Filete: Arredonda as arestas de um objeto.
- Chanfro: Cria um chanfro nas arestas selecionadas de um objeto.
- Superfície regrada: Cria uma superfície regrada a partir de duas arestas ou dois arames.
- Loft: Cria uma superfície (ou sólido) de um perfil a outro.
- Varredura: Varre um ou mais perfis ao longo de um caminho.
- Ferramentas de deslocamento: Ferramentas para deslocamento de formas. Este é um ícone-menu na barra de ferramentas da bancada Part que contém os seguintes comandos:
- Deslocamento 3D: Constrói uma forma paralela a uma certa distância da forma original.
- Deslocamento 2D: Constrói um arame paralelo a uma certa distância do arame original ou amplia/encolhe uma face plana. (v0.17)
- Espessura: Utilitário para gerar uma espessura em um sólido ao selecionar faces.
- Projection on surface: Project a logo, text or any face,wire,edge to a surface. With the projection part it is possible to create a solid or wire. introduced in version 0.19
- Ferramentas de composição: Este é um ícone-menu na barra de ferramentas Part que contém os seguintes comandos:
- Criar composição: Cria uma composição a partir dos objetos selecionados.
- Explodir composição: Ferramenta para dividir composição de formas.
- Filtro de composição: O filtro de composição pode ser utilizado para extrair peças individuais.
- Operações booleanas: Realiza operações Booleanas sobre os objetos.
- União: Faz a união de dois objetos.
- Intersecção: Extrai a parte comum de dois objetos.
- Diferença: Corta (subtrai) um objeto de outro.
- Juntar atributos: Operações booleanas para objetos murados (ex. tubos). Este é um ícone-menu na barra de ferramentas da bancada Part que contém os seguintes comandos:
- Ferramentas de divisão:Este é um ícone-menu na barra de ferramentas da bancada Part que contém os seguintes comandos:
- Fragmentos booleanos: Cria todas as peças que podem ser obtidas por meio das operações booleanas entre objetos. Divide os objetos onde eles se interceptam. (v0.17)
- Fatiar uma peça: Ferramenta para dividir formas através da intersecção com outras formas.
- Fatiar: Divide um objeto em pedaços através da interseção com outro objeto. (v0.17)
- XOR: Remove o espaço compartilhado por um número par de objetos (versão simétrica da Diferença). (v0.17)
- Defeaturing: (v0.18)
- Seção: Cria uma seção através da intersecção de um objeto com um plano de seção.
- Seções transversais: Cria seções transversais.
Measure
File:Std Measure Menu.png Measure: Allows linear and angular measurement between points, edges, and faces.
- Measure Linear allows you to make linear measurements.
- Measure Angular allows you to make angular measurements.
- Measure Refresh updates the measurements on screen.
- Clear All Clears all measurements.
- Toggle All shows or hides all measurements.
- File:Part Measure Toggle 3d.svg Toggle 3D shows or hides 3D measurements.
- Toggle Delta shows or hides delta measurements.
Outras ferramentas
- Importar CAD: Esta ferramenta te permite adicionar um arquivo *.IGES, *.STEP, *.BREP ao documento.
- Exportar CAD: Esta ferramenta te permite exportar um objeto como arquivo *.IGES, *.STEP ou *.BREP.
- Forma a partir de uma malha: Cria uma forma a partir de um objeto de malha.
- Converter em sólido: Converte uma forma em um sólido.
- Inverter formas: Inverte as normais de todas as faces do objeto selecionado.
- File:Part CreateSimpleCopy.svg Criar uma cópia simples: Cria uma cópia simples do objeto selecionado.
- Refinar a forma: Limpa faces ao remover linhas desnecessárias.
- Verificar a geometria: Verifica se há erros na geometria dos objetos selecionados.
Measure: Allows linear and angular measurement between points/edges/faces.
- Anexo: Anexo é um utilitário para anexar um objeto a outro.
- Create a copy:
- Create simple copy: Creates a simple copy of the selected object.
- Create transformed copy: creates a transformed copy of the selected object. introduced in version 0.19
- Create shape element copy: creates a copy from an element (vertex, edge, face) of the selected object. introduced in version 0.19
- Refine shape: Cleans faces by removing unnecessary lines.
- Check geometry: Checks the geometry of selected objects for errors.
Preferências
- Preference ... Import Export
Conceitos geométricos OCCT
In OpenCascade terminology, we distinguish between geometric primitives and topological shapes. A geometric primitive can be a point, a line, a circle, a plane, etc. or even some more complex types like a B-Spline curve or a surface. A shape can be a vertex, an edge, a wire, a face, a solid or a compound of other shapes. The geometric primitives are not made to be directly displayed on the 3D scene, but rather to be used as building geometry for shapes. For example, an edge can be constructed from a line or from a portion of a circle.
In summary, geometry primitives are "shapeless" building blocks, while topological shapes are the real objects built on them.
A complete list of all primitives and shapes refer to the OCC documentation (Alternative: sourcearchive.com) and search for Geom_* (for geometric primitives) and TopoDS_* (for shapes). There you can also read more about the differences between them. Please note that the official OCC documentation is not available online (you must download an archive) and is mostly aimed at programmers, not at end-users. But hopefully you'll find enough information to get started here. Also see Modeling Data User's Guide.
At a very high level, topology tells what pieces an object is made of, and the logical relationships between them. A shape is made of a certain set of faces. A face is bounded by a certain set of edges. Two faces are adjacent if they share a common edge.
Topology alone does not tell you the size, curvature, or 3D locations of any of those pieces. However, each piece of topology does knows about it's underlying geometry. A face knows what surface it lies on. An edge knows what curve it lies on. The geometry knows about curvature and location in space. - Source
Thus, Topology defines the relationship between simple geometric entities, which can be linked together to represent complex shapes. - Modeling Data User's Guide
Note: Only 3 types of topological objects have geometric representations – vertex, edge, and face (Source).
The geometric types actually can be divided into two major groups: curves and surfaces. Out of the curves (line, circle, ...) you can directly build an edge, out of the surfaces (plane, cylinder, ...) a face can be built. For example, the geometric primitive line is unlimited, i.e. it is defined by a base vector and a direction vector while its shape representation must be something limited by a start and end point. And a box -- a solid -- can be created by six limited planes.
From an edge or face you can also go back to its geometric primitive counterpart.
Thus, out of shapes you can build very complex parts or, the other way round, extract all sub-shapes a more complex shape is made of.
The Part::TopoShape
class is the geometrical object that is seen on screen. Essentially all workbenches use these TopoShapes internally to build and display edges, faces, and solids.
Scripting
See also: Part scripting
The main data structure used in the Part module is the BRep data type from OpenCascade. Almost all contents and object types of the Part module are available by Python scripting. This includes geometric primitives, such as Line and Circle (or Arc), and the whole range of TopoShapes, like Vertexes, Edges, Wires, Faces, Solids and Compounds. For each of those objects, several creation methods exist, and for some of them, especially the TopoShapes, advanced operations like boolean union/difference/intersection are also available. Explore the contents of the Part module, as described in the FreeCAD Scripting Basics page, to know more.
The most basic object that can be created is a Part Feature, which has a simple DadosPlacement property, and basic properties to define its color and appearance.
Another simple object used in 2D geometrical objects is Part Part2DObject, which is the base of Sketcher SketchObject (Sketcher), and most Draft elements.
Test script
Test the creation of Part Primitives with a script. introduced in version 0.19
import parttests.part_test_objects as pto
pto.create_test_file("example_file")
This script is located in the installation directory of the program, and can be examined to see how the basic primitives are built.
$INSTALL_DIR/Mod/Part/parttests/part_test_objects.py
Exemplos
To create a line element switch to the Python console and type in:
import Part,PartGui
doc=App.newDocument()
l=Part.LineSegment()
l.StartPoint=(0.0,0.0,0.0)
l.EndPoint=(1.0,1.0,1.0)
doc.addObject("Part::Feature","Line").Shape=l.toShape()
doc.recompute()
Let's go through the above python example step by step:
import Part,PartGui
doc=App.newDocument()
loads the Part module and creates a new document
l=Part.LineSegment()
l.StartPoint=(0.0,0.0,0.0)
l.EndPoint=(1.0,1.0,1.0)
Line is actually a line segment, hence the start and endpoint.
doc.addObject("Part::Feature","Line").Shape=l.toShape()
This adds a Part object type to the document and assigns the shape representation of the line segment to the 'Shape' property of the added object. It is important to understand here that we used a geometric primitive (the Part.LineSegment) to create a TopoShape out of it (the toShape() method). Only Shapes can be added to the document. In FreeCAD, geometry primitives are used as "building structures" for Shapes.
doc.recompute()
Updates the document. This also prepares the visual representation of the new part object.
Note that a Line Segment can be created by specifying its start and endpoint directly in the constructor, for example Part.LineSegment(point1,point2), or we can create a default line and set its properties afterwards, as we did here.
A Line can be created also using:
import FreeCAD
import Part
DOC = FreeCAD.newDocument()
def mycreateLine(pt1, pt2, objName):
obj = DOC.addObject("Part::Line", objName)
obj.X1 = pt1[0]
obj.Y1 = pt1[2]
obj.Z1 = pt1[2]
obj.X2 = pt2[0]
obj.Y2 = pt2[1]
obj.Z2 = pt2[2]
DOC.recompute()
return obj
line = mycreateLine((0,0,0), (0,10,0), "LineName")
A circle can be created in a similar way:
import Part
doc = App.activeDocument()
c = Part.Circle()
c.Radius=10.0
f = doc.addObject("Part::Feature", "Circle")
f.Shape = c.toShape()
doc.recompute()
or using:
import FreeCAD
import Part
DOC = FreeCAD.newDocument()
def mycreateCircle(rad, objName):
obj = DOC.addObject("Part::Circle", objName)
obj.Radius = rad
DOC.recompute()
return obj
circle = mycreateCircle(5.0, "CircleName")
Note again, we used the circle (geometry primitive) to construct a shape out of it. We can of course still access our construction geometry afterwards, by doing:
s = f.Shape
e = s.Edges[0]
c = e.Curve
Here we take the shape of our object f, then we take its list of edges. In this case there will be only one because we made the whole shape out of a single circle, so we take only the first item of the Edges list, and we takes its curve. Every Edge has a Curve, which is the geometry primitive it is based on.
Head to the Topological data scripting page if you would like to know more.
Tutoriais
- Import from STL or OBJ : How to import STL/OBJ files in FreeCAD
- Export to STL or OBJ : How to export STL/OBJ files from FreeCAD
- Whiffle Ball tutorial : How to use the Part Module
- Primitives: Box, Cylinder, Sphere, Cone, Torus, Tube, Create primitives, Shape builder
- Creation and modification: Extrude, Revolve, Mirror, Fillet, Chamfer, Make face from wires, Ruled Surface, Loft, Sweep, Section, Cross sections, 3D Offset, 2D Offset, Thickness, Projection on surface, Attachment
- Boolean: Make compound, Explode Compound, Compound Filter, Boolean, Cut, Fuse, Common, Connect, Embed, Cutout, Boolean fragments, Slice apart, Slice, XOR
- Measure: Measure Linear, Measure Angular, Measure Refresh, Clear All, Toggle All, Toggle 3D, Toggle Delta
- Getting started
- Installation: Download, Windows, Linux, Mac, Additional components, Docker, AppImage, Ubuntu Snap
- Basics: About FreeCAD, Interface, Mouse navigation, Selection methods, Object name, Preferences, Workbenches, Document structure, Properties, Help FreeCAD, Donate
- Help: Tutorials, Video tutorials
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